If there were organizational or parametric changes that displaced or altered nuclear arrangement, these may bias the assumption that the centers were equivalent samples. For example, the traditional approach of examining only sections through the middle of the substantia nigra for comparison has, at its core basis, validity only for the middle of that nucleus. As a result of the required comprehensive sampling necessary for a stereological study, the outcome measures can be known to apply to the entire structure with assurance. The quantitative resolution that stereology provides may permit conclusions to be drawn from such studies. Stereology is especially important for intervention studies where it becomes necessary to evaluate if the experimental manipulation can produce improvement in cell survival or outgrowth beyond the extent of spontaneous recovery. Furthermore, they can be used in conjunction with quantitative values obtained from protein, molecular, or behavioral studies to explore relationships and potential correlations.

Careful quantitative outcomes from these studies can provide far more information than qualitative or semiquantitative descriptions alone. This new design-based stereology has almost completely replaced the use of the older geometric model-based stereology in most biological research applications.Р”Р‡or studies of movement disorders, stereology can readily be applied to document pathological changes or loss of cells or innervation in experimental injury models. A major advance came in the mid-1980s when a number of papers established that it was possible to design conceptual probes to independently sample tissue, rather than relying upon geometric models of tissue structures themselves. While it has been applied to physical sciences and geology since the nineteenth century, the use of stereology in the biological sciences only began in the last half of the twentieth century. The concepts related to stereological sampling have their roots in the mathematics of geometric probability that extend back to the Golden Age of Greece. Stereology can often be applied to in vitro studies to improve sampling validity for quantitative parameters. As changes of physiologically relevant ranges within tissue are often far below a fold difference, stereology provides a powerful analytical tool for in vivo histological studies. When appropriately applied, stereology can allow for reliable detection of differences only slightly greater than interanimal variation, that is, on the order of 15РІР‚вЂњ20% differences between mean values. By using appropriate sampling procedures and applying counting or measuring protocols (known as probes), stereology makes it possible to avoid potential artifacts and errors that could significantly skew results. Obtaining accurate estimates is a critical component of producing a study outcome with statistical validity. Stereology is the process of sampling and counting material using specific protocols to obtain an estimate of a quantitative parameter, such as number, length, volume, etc. Peterson, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, 2010 Definition and History РІР‚вЂњ Р Сљ.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2014. РІР‚вЂњ Р Сљ.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010. IMPROVEMENT OF NOISE ROBUST SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION. Fayzur Rahman and Faculty of Electrical-Computer Engineering RUET Rajshahi Bang. РІР‚вЂњ Р Сљ.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012. Principles and Practice of Antimicrobial Therapy.

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